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Post-embryonic Development

The various developmental stages of the larvae are intervened by moults in which the entire cuticle including the lining of stoma, oesophagus, vagina, rectum and cloaca are shed off. There are generally three moults after the emergence of the second-stage larva and before the adult stage. In most of the plant parasitic nematodes, the genital primerdium can be located in the second-stage larva and sex differentiation can be observed in the late second stage or the third stage larva.

CIRCULATORY AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS

These systems are not known to be present in the nematodes. The movement of the body cavity fluids, apparently, serve these purposes.